Políticas públicas e mobilidade social: egressos do Programa Universidade para todos (PROUNI) / Public policies and social mobility: students of University for all Program (PROUNI) / Políticas públicas y movilidad social: egresos del Programa Universidad para todos (PROUNI)

A educação tem se mostrado uma importante ferramenta de transformação social. A partir dessa compreensão, políticas públicas para acesso ao ensino superior têm sido desenvolvidas no Brasil com o objetivo de promover igualdade social. O Programa Universidade para Todos (PROUNI) é direcionado a estudantes com renda familiar de até três salários mínimos e atinge um número crescente de estudantes. Este estudo objetivou averiguar a ascensão desses estudantes beneficiados pelo PROUNI, envolvendo três dimensões: satisfação profissional, econômica e pessoal. Para tanto, foram contatados 1200 alunos egressos de uma Universidade privada que foram beneficiados pelo PROUNI. Os questionários foram enviados por e-mail e foram obtidas 212 respostas. A análise foi realizada por meio de estatística descritiva e relacional. Os resultados indicam que a graduação universitária através do PROUNI propiciou mobilidade social ascendente. A maioria dos entrevistados declarou que obteve melhorias em sua vida, tanto nos aspectos pessoais, profissionais e econômicos, o que ressalta a importância da existência de políticas públicas voltadas ao acesso à educação

Education has proved to be an important tool for social transformation. From this understanding, public policies for access to higher education have been developed in Brazil with the aim of promoting social equality. The University for All Program (PROUNI) is aimed at students with a family income of up to three minimum salaries and reaches an increasing number of students. This study aimed to ascertain the rise of these students benefited by PROUNI, involving three dimensions: professional, economic and personal satisfaction. For this purpose, 1,200 students from a private university who were benefited by PROUNI were contacted. The questionnaires were sent by e-mail and 212 responses were obtained. The analysis was performed using descriptive and relational statistics. The results indicate that university graduation through PROUNI provided upward social mobility. Most interviewees stated that they have made improvements in their lives, both in personal, professional and economic aspects. What stands out the importance of the existence of public policies focused on access to education.

La educación se ha mostrado una importante herramienta de transformación social. A partir de esa comprensión, políticas públicas para acceso a la enseñanza superior se han desarrollado en Brasil con el objetivo de promover igualdad social. El programa Universidad para Todos (PROUNI) es dirigido a estudiantes con ingresos familiares de hasta tres salarios mínimos y alcanza un número creciente de estudiantes. Este estudio objetivó averiguar el ascenso de esos estudiantes beneficiados por el PROUNI, involucrando tres dimensiones: satisfacción profesional, económica y personal. Para ello se contactaron a 1200 alumnos egresados ​​de una Universidad privada que fueron beneficiados por el PROUNI. Los cuestionarios fueron enviados por e-mail y se obtuvieron 212 respuestas. El análisis fue realizado por medio de estadística descriptiva y relacional. Los resultados indican que la graduación universitaria a través del PROUNI propició movilidad social ascendente. La mayoría de los encuestados declaró que obtuvo mejoras en su vida, tanto en los aspectos personales, profesionales y económicos. Lo que resalta la importancia de la existencia de políticas públicas dirigidas al acceso a la educación.

Evolución de la estructura de clases y el bienestar material en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires contemporánea (2004-2015) / Evolution of class structure and material well-being in the contemporary City of Buenos Aires (2004-2015)

En este artículo analizamos los rasgos que asumió la estructura de clases de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) en el período 2004-2015. Utilizando como fuente de datos, principalmente, la Encuesta Anual de Hogares (EAH) relevada anualmente por la Dirección General de Estadística y Censos del Gobierno de la CABA, nos preguntamos acerca de cómo han evolucionado las clases sociales en términos de tamaño y composición, y cuánto se han distanciado o acercado respecto al bienestar material de los hogares que las conforman. Del análisis de los datos se desprende que la estructura de clases mantiene la configuración signada durante los años noventa, aunque con una relativa composición de la clase obrera calificada y la clase directivo-profesional. Por otro lado, el estudio de los ingresos y el acceso a la vivienda, en tanto dos activos del bienestar material de los hogares, muestra cierta reducción de la desigualdad respecto al primero, pero un fortalecimiento en las brechas respecto a la propiedad de la vivienda. (AU)

Factors Affecting the Downward Mobility of Psychiatric Patients: A Korean Study of National Health Insurance Beneficiaries / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to examine the magnitude of and the factors associated with the downward mobility of first-episode psychiatric patients. METHODS: This study used the claims data from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. The study population included 19 293 first-episode psychiatric inpatients diagnosed with alcohol use disorder (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision [ICD-10] code F10), schizophrenia and related disorders (ICD-10 codes F20-F29), and mood disorders (ICD-10 codes F30-F33) in the first half of 2005. This study included only National Health Insurance beneficiaries in 2005. The dependent variable was the occurrence of downward mobility, which was defined as a health insurance status change from National Health Insurance to Medical Aid. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess factors associated with downward drift of first-episode psychiatric patients. RESULTS: About 10% of the study population who were National Health Insurance beneficiaries in 2005 became Medical Aid recipients in 2007. The logistic regression analysis showed that age, gender, primary diagnosis, type of hospital at first admission, regular use of outpatient clinic, and long-term hospitalization are significant predictors in determining downward drift in newly diagnosed psychiatric patients. CONCLUSIONS: This research showed that the downward mobility of psychiatric patients is affected by long-term hospitalization and medical care utilization. The findings suggest that early intensive intervention might reduce long-term hospitalization and the downward mobility of psychiatric patients.

Mobilidade social, estilo de vida e indice de massa corporal de adolescentes / Movilidad social, estilo de vida e indice de masa corporal en adolescentes / Social mobility, lifestyle and body mass index in adolescents

OBJETIVO Analisar a associação entre mobilidade social, estilo de vida e índice de massa corporal de adolescentes. MÉTODOS Estudo de coorte com 1.716 adolescentes de dez a 17 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos. Os adolescentes eram participantes de um estudo de coorte e nasceram entre 1994 e 1999. Os adolescentes foram avaliados em escolas públicas e privadas entre 2009 e 2011. O estilo de vida foi avaliado por meio de entrevista e a antropometria foi utilizada para o cálculo do índice de massa corporal. Para a classificação econômica na infância e na adolescência foram utilizados critérios preconizados pela Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa. Mobilidade social ascendente foi considerada como aumento em pelo menos uma classe econômica no período de dez anos. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson para estimar a associação entre a mobilidade social ascendente e os desfechos avaliados. RESULTADOS Dos adolescentes (71,4% de seguimento da coorte), 60,6% apresentaram mobilidade social ascendente. Destes, 93,6% pertenciam à classe econômica D e 99,9% à E. Maior prevalência de ascensão social foi observada para escolares de cor da pele preta (71,4%) e parda (61,9%), matriculados na escola pública (64,3%) e cujas mães apresentaram menor escolaridade na primeira avaliação (67,2%) e na reavaliação (68,7%). A mobilidade social ascendente mostrou-se associada apenas aos comportamentos sedentários (p = 0,02) após ajuste para variáveis de confusão. A classe econômica na infância mostrou-se mais associada aos desfechos avaliados do que a mobilidade social ascendente. CONCLUSÕES A mobilidade social ascendente não mostrou associação com a maioria dos desfechos avaliados, possivelmente por ter sido discreta e porque o período considerado ...

OBJETIVO Analizar la asociación entre la movilidad social, estilo de vida e índice de masa corporal en adolescentes. MÉTODOS Estudio de cohorte con 1.716 adolescentes de diez a 17 años de edad, de ambos sexos. Los adolescentes participaban de un estudio de cohorte y nacieron entre 1994 y 1999. Los adolescentes fueron evaluados en escuelas públicas y privadas entre 2009 y 2011. El estilo de vida fue evaluado por medio de entrevista y la antropometría fue utilizada para el cálculo del índice de masa corporal. Para la clasificación económica en la infancia y en la adolescencia se utilizaron criterios recomendados por la Asociación Brasileña de Empresas de Investigación. La movilidad social ascendente fue considerada como aumento en al menos una clase económica en el período de diez años. Se utilizó regresión de Poisson para estimar la asociación entre la movilidad social ascendente y los resultados evaluados. RESULTADOS De los adolescentes (71,4% de seguimiento de la cohorte), 60,6% presentaron movilidad social ascendente. De estos, 93,6% pertenecían a la clase económica D y 99,9% a la E. La mayor prevalencia de ascensión social fue observada en escolares con color de piel negra (71,4%) y parda (61,9%), matriculados en la escuela pública (64,3%) y cuyas madres presentaban menor escolaridad en la primera evaluación (67,2%) y en la reevaluación (68,7%). La movilidad social ascendente estuvo asociada sólo con los comportamientos sedentarios (p=0,02) posterior al ajuste para variables de confusión. La clase económica en la infancia se mostró más asociada con los resultados evaluados en comparación con la movilidad social ascendente. CONCLUSIONES La movilidad social ascendente no mostró asociación con la mayoría de los resultados evaluados, posiblemente por haber sido ...

OBJECTIVE To analyze the association between social mobility, lifestyle and body mass index in adolescents. METHODS A cohort study of 1,716 adolescents aged 10 to 17 years of both sexes. The adolescents were participants in a cohort study and were born between 1994 and 1999. The adolescents, from public and private schools, were assessed between 2009 and 2011. Lifestyle was assessed by interview and anthropometry was used to calculatebody mass index. For the economic classification, both at pre-school age and in adolescence, the criteria recommended by the Brazilian Association of Research Companies were used. Upward social mobility was categorized as an increase by at least one class in economic status within a 10-year-period. Poisson regression was used to estimate the association between upward social mobility and the outcomes assessed. RESULTS Among all respondents (71.4% follow-up of the cohort), 60.6% had upward social mobility. Among these, 93.6% belonged to socioeconomic class D and 99.9% to economy class E. Higher prevalence of social mobility was observed for students with black skin (71.4%) and mulatto students (61.9%) enrolled in public schools (64.3%) whose mothers had less schooling in the first evaluation (67.2%) and revaluation (68.7%). After adjustment for confounding variables, upward social mobility was associated only with sedentary behavior (p = 0.02). The socioeconomic class in childhood was more associated with the outcomes assessed than was upward mobility. CONCLUSIONS Upward social mobility was not associated with most of the outcomes evaluated, possibly as it is discreet and because the period considered in the study may not have been sufficient to reflect substantial changes in lifestyle and body mass index in adolescents. .

Analysis for the Impact of Adulthood and Childhood Socioeconomic Positions and Intergenerational Social Mobility on Adulthood Health / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: There are at least three conceptual models for the effects of the childhood social environment on adult health: the critical period model, the social mobility model, and the cumulative risk model. However, few studies have investigated all three different models within the same setting. This study aims to examine the impact of childhood and adulthood socioeconomic positions and intergenerational social mobility over the life course on the health in adulthood based both on the critical period model and the social mobility model. METHODS: This study was conducted on 9583 adults aged between 25 and 64 years old and they were the respondents to the Korea Welfare Panel Study (2006). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out, using the critical period model and the social mobility model out of the life course approaches, to look into the impact of childhood and adulthood socioeconomic positions and intergenerational social mobility on the health status in adulthood. RESULTS: Household income and occupation out of the adulthood socioeconomic position indicators had an independent influence on the adulthood health status. The childhood socioeconomic position indicators, except for the place of childhood residence, affected the adulthood health status even after adjustment for the adulthood socioeconomic position. The effect of intergenerational social mobility was also statistically significant even after adjusting for the adulthood socioeconomic position, but it became insignificant when the childhood socioeconomic position was additionally adjusted for. CONCLUSIONS: Adulthood health is indeed affected by both the childhood and adulthood socioeconomic positions as well as intergenerational social mobility. This result shows that a life course approach needs to be adopted when dealing with health issues.

Movilidad intergeneracional y marginalidad económica: Un estudio de caso en el Conurbano Bonaerense / Intergenerational mobility and economic marginality: A case study at Gran Buenos Aires area

El artículo analiza la movilidad intergeneracional en áreas periféricas del Gran Buenos Aires. El diseño del estudio aplica una clasificación sociolaboral de tipo exploratorio para distinguir segmentos en contextos de marginalidad geográfica. Partiendo de los datos empíricos proporcionados por un estudio de caso en el barrio de Ministro Rivadavia, se sostiene que los trabajadores en actividades de subsistencia y los asalariados de bajo nivel educativo se encuentran vinculados intergeneracionalmente, lo que da cuenta de la tendencia a la marginalidad y la movilidad espuria señalada por la literatura sobre movilidad en América Latina. Los principales resultados también muestran una baja movilidad educativa que desafía los incrementos nacionales en el nivel de educación. (AU)

Movilidad territorial en la formación de médicos en México / Migration patterns of medical students in Mexico

Objetivo. Conocer la migración de estudiantes de medicina en las entidades federativas del país. Material y métodos. Se estudió el lugar de origen y el de titulación de los médicos que registraron su título entre 1970-1974, 1980-1984, y 1985--1989; los datos se tomaron del Registro de Profesiones de la Secretaría de Educación Pública. Se establecieron focos de atracción, de expulsión, en transición y corrientes migratorias de interés. Resultados. La concentración de la formación médica se ha expresado en la existencia de pocos focos de atracción (Distrito Federal, jalisco, Nuevo León y, en menor grado, Puebla y Michoacán), y en la persistencia de focos de expulsión (Guanajuato, Chiapas, Colima, Campeche, etc.). Dentro de este esquema, hubo cambios a lo largo del periodo de estudio, entre los que destacan la disminución de la migración de estudiantes universitarios: en 1070-1974 prácticamente la mitad de ellos (47 por ciento) se formaba fuera de su lugar de origen; para 1980-1984 bajó a 34 por ciento y en 1985-1989 llegó a 30.6 por ciento. El descenso de la importancia del Distrito Federal como principal centro formador: de 59 por ciento en 1970-1974 baja a 40 por ciento y a 30 por ciento en los siguientes lustros, viéndose aumentada la participación de Jalisco, Michoacán y de manera muy importante Nuevo León. conclusiones. En estas transformaciones de la migración ha jugado un papeñ central el establecimiento de escuelas de medicina en casi todas las entidades, pero del análisis de desprende que hay otras razones por las cuales siguen emigrando los estudiantes, lo que puede estar explicando la persistencia del esquema concentrador de la educación médica en las grandes ciudades del país, Guadalajara y Monterrey

Objetive.This work aimed to determine the migration patterns of medical students within Mexico. Materials and methods. We obtained the places of origin of graduates and the states where they registered their medical degrees at the Ministry of Education General Registry of Professions (sEP), between 1970-1974, 1980-1984 and 1885-1989. Data were organized as follows: Attracting foci, sending foci, transition foci, and important migrant flows. Results. The concentration of medical human resource development, is reflected by the existence of a few attracting foci (D.F., Jalisco, Nuevo Leon, and to a less extent, Puebla and Michoacan). Also, we observed the persistence of traditional sending foci (Guanajuato, Chiapas, Colima, Campeche). However, some important changes occurred throughout the study period, namely, a decrease of the migratory mobility of university students. During 1970-1974, almost half of them (47%) obtained their degrees outside their place of origin; during 1980-1984 this figure decreased to 34% and during 1985-1989, it decreased further to 30.6%. Second, the participation of D.F. as a main human resource development center diminished; from 59% to 40% during 1970-1974, it went down, to 30% in the following quinquennia, while it increased in Jalisco, Michoacan and Nuevo Leon. Conclusions. The establishment of medical schools in almost every Mexican state has had a central role in the migration patterns of medical students. Nevertheless, our results show that there are other reasons accounting for the persistence of the concentration of medical human resources development in main cities of the nation such as Guadalajara and Monterrey.